Slavery

Slavery in the future United States began in the early seventeenth century as European trading vessels brought Africans across the northern Atlantic to provide forced labor for the new colonies in places such as Virginia.  Within a century, all of the colonies in British North America had developed forms of African chattel slavery.  After the American Revolution and by the end of the eighteenth century, most northern states initiated plans to abolish slavery.  Some southern states appeared at least on the surface to be moving in that direction until the invention of the cotton gin in the 1790s altered the trajectory of slavery's profitability in the South.  During the first half of the nineteenth century, slavery expanded southwestward with astonishing speed creating what many began to call the "Cotton Kingdom."  American slaves engaged in numerous activities besides cotton picking and experienced a wide array of conditions in their various forms of enslavement, but it was without doubt the vast antebellum cotton plantations that came to embody the great contrast between the South's "peculiar institution" and fast-growing northern factories and marketplaces.  The Civil War ended this growing national division, destroying a great deal of white southern wealth in the process and ultimately leading to the downfall of Amerian slavery in 1865. (By Matthew Pinsker)
    Date Event
    Supreme Court finds in favor of The Schooner Amistad
    The McClintock Riot takes place in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
    Joseph Jenkins Roberts declares the creation of the independent Republic of Liberia
    The McClintock Riot trial is held in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
    Joseph Jenkins Roberts inaugurated as the first president of newly independent Liberia
    The new republican government of France declares all slaves in French colonies to be free
    Danish government plans a ten-year abolition in the Danish West Indies but local slaves demand immediate freedom
    Daniel Gott of New York introduces his resolution to ban slavery in the District of Columbia
    The U.S. Congress reverses the Gott Resolution to ban slavery in the District of Columbia
    Brazil outlaws the slave trade, without freeing existing slaves
    Abolition of slavery in Columbia completed
    Great Britain and the King of Lagos sign a treaty intended to abolish the Nigerian slave trade
    - Moncure Conway serves as minister at Unitarian Church in Washington, D.C.
    William Walker's filibuster government in Nicaragua repeals the abolition of slavery in that country
    South Carolina Governor James Adams calls for the reinstitution of the African slave trade
    U.S. Navy captures American slaveship with 318 slaves aboard
    Captured American slaveship arrives in Charleston Harbor with 318 slaves aboard
    The 318 slaves from a captured American slave ship are landed at Castle Pinckney, in Charleston Harbor
    The U.S.S. Niagara sails from Charleston for Liberia carrying the Africans freed from the slave ship Echo
    The dispute between France and Portugal over the slave ship "Charles-et-Georges" is settled
    Senator Seward gives his famous "irrepressible conflict" speech in Rochester, New York
    Samuel Eli Cornish, pioneer black journalist and abolitionist, dies in Brooklyn
    The 27th Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society is held in Boston
    - The New York State Anti-Slavery Convention meets in Albany and advocates the dissolution of the Union
    New Arkansas law offers free black residents choice between exile or enslavement
    Public meeting of Methodists in north Texas protests the influence of northern abolitionist preachers in the Church
    The first trial of the Oberlin-Wellington slave rescuers opens in federal court in Cleveland, Ohio
    - The federal trial of Oberlin-Wellington rescuer Simeon Bushnell continues in Cleveland, Ohio
    Oberlin-Wellington rescuer Simeon Bushnell is found guilty in a Cleveland federal court
    The trial of Oberlin-Wellington rescuer Charles Langston opens in the federal court in Cleveland, Ohio
    - The trial of Oberlin-Wellington rescuer Charles Langston continues in the federal court in Cleveland, Ohio
    Fugitive slave stowaway Columbus Jones arrives in chains at Hyannis, Massachusetts
    A commercial convention focusing on the slave trade opens in Vicksburg, Mississippi
    - The Southern Commercial Convention is meeting in Vicksburg, Mississippi with slavery high on the agenda
    Fugitive slave stowaway Columbus Jones returned to the South from Massachusetts
    - A commercial convention focusing on the slave trade is meeting in Vicksburg, Mississippi
    Oberlin-Wellington rescuer Charles Langston is found guilty under the Fugitive Slave Law in Cleveland
    Oberlin-Wellington rescuer Charles Langston is sentenced to twenty days in jail
    The Vicksburg Convention focusing on the slave trade closes with a vote to end restrictions on the African slave trade
    Governor Wickliffe of Louisiana orders the disbanding of civilian Vigilance Committees in the state.
    Maryland holds a Slaveholder's Convention with representatives from almost every county
    In Britain a legal judgment confirms that no British subject or company may own or sell slaves abroad
    Former California Supreme Court Judge Terry shoots California Senator Broderick in a duel over slavery in the state
    California Senator David Broderick dies of a wound received in a duel three days earlier over slavery in the state
    Louisville Conference of the Methodist Church votes to permit slave owning among its members
    - Mob destroys the office of Abolitionist newspaper in Newport, Kentucky
    Suspected American slaveship returned under naval guard to New York
    All defendants in the Columbus Jones kidnapping case acquitted in Massachusetts
    Mayor of Philadelphia warns of rioting should abolitionist speech go ahead
    Dion Boucicault's controversial play about slavery opens at the Winter Garden Theater in New York City
    Abolitionist lecture delivered successfully in Philadelphia as police and rioters battle outside the hall
    John Rogers finds no New York art dealer will display his new sculpture on slavery
    Georgia legislature passes law enabling the sale into slavery of free blacks indicted for vagrancy
    Nebraska legislature votes to abolish slavery in the territory
    Territorial Governor Samuel W. Black vetoes the Nebraska bill to abolish slavery
    Missouri state house passes bill expelling free blacks from the state
    Slave-mart collapses in Memphis, Tennessee and four "valuable negro men" die
    Mississippi Legislature kills bill to abolish legal prohibition of import of slaves from Africa
    "Slave auction" at Rev. Henry Ward Beecher's Brooklyn church frees nine-year old slave girl
    Royal Navy turns over suspected American slaveship to the United States Navy
    Fanny Kemble gives her final stage reading in Boston
    - Daniel Worth convicted of selling Helper's inflammatory anti-slavery book in North Carolina
    Book-burning takes place in South Carolina during trial of man for circulating anti-slavery literature
    U.S. Navy captures American slave ship off the coast of Cuba with 507 African slaves aboard
    U.S. Navy delivers captured American slave ship with 507 African slaves aboard to Key West, Florida
    - In Charleston, South Carolina, sympathizers briefly rescue indicted slave ship officer from jail
    - Two South Carolina slaves stow away aboard Boston bound steamer; one escapes, one does not
    U.S. Navy captures Baltimore owned slave ship off Cuban coast with five hundred slaves aboard
    Theodore Parker, famous abolitionist and member of the "Secret Six," dies in Florence, Italy
    In Buffalo, NY, the Methodist Annual Conference hears from its Committee on Slavery
    President Buchanan asks Congress for funding to transport rescued African slaves to Liberia
    Purser of slave ship Wanderer goes on trial in Charleston, South Carolina for piracy
    In Charleston, South Carolina, Charles Lamar and others are fined $250 for obstructing federal justice
    U.S. Navy captures unregistered slave ship off the north coast of Cuba
    U.S. Government contracts with American Colonization Society to transport rescued African slaves to Liberia
    In Buffalo, NY, Methodist Annual Conference declines to make slave holding a crime of the church
    Maryland's law banning all manumission of slaves comes into effect
    Governor of Ohio refuses extradition request of Tennessee for two "negro-stealers"
    Virginia Republican arrested for circulating anti-southern literature
    In Texas, devastating fires strike Dallas and other parts of Denton County
    In Alabama, the last Africa slaves transported and sold on United States soil landed on the Mobile River
    In a fiery speech, Senator Sumner predicts slavery will one day die as "a poisoned rat dies in its hole"
    First American Colonization Society charter ship transporting rescued Africans to Liberia sails from Key West, Florida
    Texas newspaper editor accuses abolitionists of planning to launch a slave revolt in the state
    Breckinridge supporter John Brown Gordon tells college students slavery is "the hand-maid of civil liberty"
    American Colonization Society charter ship transporting rescued Africans to Liberia sails from Key West, Florida
    U.S. Navy captures New Orleans owned slave ship off the coast of Cuba
    The Republic of Liberia celebrates the thirteenth anniversary of its independence
    Royal Navy capture American-built slave ship "Sunny South" off Mozambique
    Reverend Anthony Bewley, a white Methodist preacher, lynched in Fort Worth, Texas
    T.D. Rice, black-face minstrel originator of the "Jim Crow" character, dies in New York City
    In Charleston, South Carolina, all charges in the Wanderer slave ship case are dropped
    In Philadelphia, a speech by visiting abolitionist is postponed due to threats of violence
    Wendell Phillips speaks against mobs in Boston and almost causes a riot
    Mississippi secession commissioner tells a large Baltimore crowd that "slavery was ordained by God"
    In the United States Senate, Albert G. Brown of Mississippi insists on the definition of slaves as property
    Alabama's secession commissioner warns Delaware of slave insurrection under Republican rule
    In Rochester, New York, a pro-compromise pro-Union crowd breaks up an abolition meeting
    The Washington Peace Conference presents its proposals to the U.S. Congress
    In Georgia, Vice-President A.H. Stephens pronounces slavery the foundation of the new Confederacy
    The Philadelphia Methodist Conference urges withdrawal of the Church's new "discipline" on slavery
    Richmond newspaper editorial defends slavery as a vital financial need for Virginia
    Union General Benjamin Butler declares slaves as "contraband of war"
    In Congress, John J. Crittenden introduces his half of a resolution limiting Union war aims
    Great Britain declares Lagos (Nigeria) to be a Crown colony
    President Lincoln signs the First Confiscation Act authorizing the seizure of slaves aiding the Confederacy
    Moncure Conway publishes "The Rejected Stone" arguing for emancipation
    Slave ship captain Nathaniel Gordon executed in New York City as a pirate for slave trading
    President Lincoln suggests to Congress ways gradually to end slavery in the United States
    A new Article of War forbids the military to return escaped slaves to their former owners
    The United States Senate passes President Lincoln's suggested resolution to help end slavery gradually
    On a party line vote, the U.S. Senate votes to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia
    In Rockville, Maryland Unionists meet to denounce the bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia
    In Washington D.C., the House passes the bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia
    Slavery is abolished in the District of Columbia
    In London, the U.S. Ambassador meets with the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
    Without authority, Union General David Hunter declares all slaves in three states "forever free"
    In the Virginia Senate, Senator R. R. Collier opens debate on the centrality of slavery to the South
    Maryland slaveholders meet President Lincoln to complain about non-enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act
    President Lincoln declares void Union General David Hunter's South Carolina declaration of emancipation
    Moncure Conway publishes "The Golden Hour"
    Moncure Conway liberates his father's slaves
    President Lincoln signs the Second Confiscation Act authorizing freedom for confiscated slaves
    Moncure Conway becomes co-editor of "The Commonwealth, " an anti-slavery journal
    Moncure Conway sails to England to gain support for the Union
    The Confederate Congress outlines dire consequences for black Union soldiers and their white officers
    Union troops ransack the plantation of Jefferson Davis on the Mississippi River below Vicksburg
    General Hunter takes his leave after an eventful year as head of the Department of the South
    Missouri Convention is hammering out a resolution to end slavery and compensate slaveowners
    The Netherlands abolishes African slavery in the Dutch West Indies
    In Washington, the U.S. Senate passes the proposed 13th Amendment to the Constitution, 38-6.
    At the U.S. Capitol, debate begins in the House on the proposed 13th Amendment to the Constitution
    At the U.S. Capitol, the vote in the House on the proposed 13th Amendment to the Constitution fails
    In Washington D.C., the U.S. Senate votes to repeal all remaining Federal Fugitive Slave Acts
    In Maryland, Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney dies in office
    In Washington D.C., the House of Representatives passes the Thirteen Amendment outlawing slavery
    In South Carolina, teenaged domestic slave Amy Spain is hanged for proclaiming herself free
    Pierce Butler, former husband of Fanny Kemble, dies at his home in Philadelphia.
    Date Title
    Boston (MA) Liberator, "To The Public," January 1, 1831
    Abraham Lincoln, Protest on Slavery to the Illinois Statehouse, March 3, 1837
    Abraham Lincoln to Mary Speed, September 27, 1841
    Debate Over Increase of the Army, House of Representatives, January 9, 1847
    John Price Durbin, "Plan for the Removal of Slavery, " Christian Advocate and Journal, February 10, 1847
    John McClintock, "Slavery No. I," Christian Advocate, New York, February 24, 1847
    New York Christian Advocate, “Reply to Dr. Durbin,” March 10, 1847
    New York Christian Advocate, "Dr. Durbin’s Plan to Extinguish Slavery," March 17, 1847
    New York Christian Advocate, Response to "Plan for the Removal of Slavery," March 31, 1847
    John McClintock, "Slavery No. II," Christian Advocate, New York, March 31, 1847
    John McClintock, "Slavery.—No. III," Christian Advocate, New York, April 21, 1847
    John McClintock, "Slavery No. IV," Christian Advocate, April 24, 1847
    New York Tribune, "Application of the Gag," May 26, 1847
    Carlisle (PA) American Volunteer, “Death of Mr. Kennedy,” July 1, 1847
    Harrisburg (PA) Democratic Union, "The Carlisle Riot Case," September 1, 1847
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, "Fugitive Slaves," January 10, 1848
    Mary B. Thomas to William Still, April 19, 1848
    David Wilmot’s Speech in the House of Representatives, Washington, DC, August 3, 1848
    Carlisle (PA) American Volunteer, “A Slave Case,” November 30, 1848
    Carlisle (PA) Herald, "In the Surpreme Court of Penn'a," June 27, 1849
    Boston (MA) Advertiser, "Extradition of Fugitive Slaves," March 23, 1850
    (Columbus) Ohio State Journal, “New Law about Fugitive Slaves,” April 30, 1850
    William Still to B. McKiernon, August 16, 1851
    Abraham Lincoln, Eulogy on Henry Clay, July 6, 1852
    John Henry Hill to Philadelphia Vigilance Committee, November 1, 1853
    Richmond (VA) Dispatch, "The Virginia Springs," July 1, 1854
    Frances Watkins Harper to William Still, September 28, 1854
    Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Peoria, Illinois, October 16, 1854
    Frances Watkins Harper to William Still, October 20, 1854
    David Davis to Julius Rockwell, March 4, 1855
    New York Herald, “The Kansas Question and the Anti-Slavery Disorganizers,” May 15, 1855
    Abraham Lincoln to Owen Lovejoy, August 11,1855
    Abraham Lincoln to Joshua Fry Speed, August 24, 1855
    New York Herald, “Law to Protect Slave Property in Virginia,” March 22, 1856
    New York Times, “The Slave Troubles,” December 30, 1856
    Washington (DC) National Era, "The Future Judged by the Past," January 1, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “The Republican Platform,” January 1, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "Black Republicanism in Missouri," January 1, 1857
    New York Times, “Explosion of a Locomotive,” January 2, 1857
    New York Times, "The Dred Scott Case," January 5, 1857
    New York Times, “Free Negroes and Free Slaves In Virginia,” January 8, 1857
    New York Times, “The Tariff Bill,” January 16, 1857
    New York Times, “Gubernatorial Inaugurals,” January 20, 1857
    New York Times, "Views of Senator Cameron on Public Affairs," January 22, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "Senator Wilson and the Disunionists," January 29, 1857
    New York Times, “Affairs in Kansas,” February 9, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Affairs in Kansas,” February 12, 1857
    New York Times, “The Question of Emancipation in Missouri,” February 14, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “The Pro-Slavery Press of the South,” February 26, 1857
    New York Times, "Philanthropy and Cotton," March 2, 1857
    Boston (MA) Herald, “The Dred Scott Decision,” March 7, 1857
    New York Times, “Slavery in the Territories,” March 7, 1857
    New York Times, "From Washington," March 9, 1857
    Boston (MA) Herald, “The Dred Scott Case,” March 9, 1857
    New York Herald, "The Decision in the Dred Scott," March 9, 1857
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, "The Agitation of the Slavery Question," March 17, 1857
    New York Times, “How a Gentleman is Appreciated by Proslavery Fanatics,” March 18, 1857
    New York Times, “A Few Words About Kansas,” March 20, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “The Rights of Colored Citizens,” April 2, 1857
    New York Times, “Virginia Frightened,” April 7, 1857
    New York Times, “Slavery in Missouri,” April 9, 1857
    New York National Anti-Slavery Standard, "The Chief Justice Insane!," April 11, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “A Fire-Eater’s Meditation on the St. Louis Emancipation Victory,” April 23, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "The Southern Press," April 30, 1857
    New York Times, “The Captured Slaver,” May 1, 1857
    New York Times, “A New Kink in the Southern Mind,” May 7, 1857
    New York Times, “Sensible Southern Sentiments,” May 11, 1857
    Richmond (VA) Dispatch, "England and America," May 14, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Kansas Given Over By The South,” May 14, 1857
    New York Times, “A Suspected Slaver Captured,” May 15, 1857
    New York Times, “A Negro-Whipping Resulting in a White Man's Murder,” May 25, 1857
    New York Times, “Prize Essay on Slavery,” May 29, 1857
    New York Times, “Slavery Subdividing the Presbyterian Church,” June 6, 1857
    New York Times, “Republican Planks,” June 10, 1857
    New York Times, “Important from the South,” June 23, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "The Administration," June 25, 1857
    New York Times, “Alleged Renewal of the Slave-Trade,” July 14, 1857
    New York Times, “A Nice Distinction,” August 4, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Slavery in Oregon,” August 13, 1857
    New York Times, “Slavery in Kansas,” June 22, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “The Emancipation Scheme,” August 20, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "Slavery in Oregon," August 27, 1857
    New York Times, “The Convention of the Southern New School Presbyterians,” August 31, 1857
    New York Times, “Mr. Marcy on the Sumner Assault,” September 2, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “A Minister Driven From His Church,” September 3, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Exemption of Slave Property,” September 10, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “The Seceders,” September 17, 1857
    New York Times, “A Terrible Panic in Mississippi,” September 18, 1857
    New York Times, “Gen. Walker’s Letter,” September 23, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Lynching an Abolitionist in Mississippi,” October 8, 1857
    New York Times, “South Carolina Senator,” October 12, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "The Union," October 15, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Virginia and the South,” October 22, 1857
    Entry by James A. Garfield, October 22, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “Collapse of Abolitionists,” October 22, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, “James Buchanan a Mystery to Himself,” October 29, 1857
    Boston (MA) Liberator, "Buchanan Democracy," October 30, 1857
    “Old Brown and his Friends,” Richmond (VA) Dispatch, November 10, 1859.
    Washington (DC) National Era, "Governor Walker," November 19, 1857
    Washington (DC) National Era, "Gen. Walker and the Administration," November 26, 1857
    New York Times, “More Slave Cases,” December 11, 1857
    New York Times, “Shocking Murder by a Female Slave,” December 16, 1857
    New York Times, “The Fight in Congress,” December 18, 1857
    New York Times, “A New York Slaver Arrived at Norfolk,” December 22, 1857
    Boston (MA) Liberator, "The Beauties of Personal Liberty Laws," January 8, 1858
    Edmund Turner to Slaveholders, March 1, 1858
    New York Times, “Douglas’ Kansas Speech,” March 24, 1858
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, "Emancipation of Slaves in Virginia," June 16, 1858
    Abraham Lincoln, "A House Divided'': Speech, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858
    John L. Scripps to Abraham Lincoln, June 22, 1858
    Abraham Lincoln to John L. Scripps, June 23, 1858
    Lowell (MA) Citizen & News, "Lynch Law in Maryland," July 6, 1858
    New York Herald, "The Late Meeting of Maryland Slaveholders," July 23, 1858
    Abraham Lincoln, Definition of Democracy, circa August 1, 1858
    Boston (MA) Liberator, “Emancipation Day in Poughkeepsie,” August 6, 1858
    Joseph Medill to Abraham Lincoln, August 27, 1858
    Recollection by Joseph Medill, Freeport Debate, August 27, 1858
    Recollection by Ingalls Carleton, Freeport Debate, August 27, 1858
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “A Slaver in Our Port,” August 28, 1858
    Ripley (OH) Bee, “Lawsuit for Freedom,” September 4, 1858
    New York Times, “A Ghastly Policy,” November 20, 1858
    New York Times, “The Case Growing Clearer,” November 26, 1858
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “A Master Murdered by His Slaves,” December 4, 1858
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “The Slaver’s Crew,” December 13, 1858
    Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel, “Who are the Agitators?,” December 16, 1858
    New York Times, “The Amistad Case,” December 17, 1858
    New York Herald, “The Suspected Slavers,” December 18, 1858
    Newark (OH) Advocate, “Henry Clay’s Resolution,” December 29, 1858
    Lowell (MA) Citizen & News, “Disunion,” January 5, 1859
    New York Herald, "A Kentucky Planter Selling His Daughter," January 14, 1859
    New York Times, “Arrest of a Supposed Slaver at Savannah,” January 21, 1859
    New York Times, “Another Suspected Slaver,” January 21, 1859
    Memphis (TN) Appeal, “From New Orleans,” January 30, 1859
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “The Slave Market of New Orleans,” February 1, 1859
    Boston (MA) Liberator, "Man-Hunting in Pennsylvania," February 4, 1859
    New York Times, “Extension of the Southern Revolt Against the Cuban Scheme,” February 8, 1859
    New York Times, “Admission of Oregon,” February 14, 1859
    New York Herald, “The African Slave Trade and the Law in the South,” February 17, 1859
    New York Times, “Supposed Slaver,” February 18, 1859
    Boston (MA) Liberator, "Letters from Friends of the Cause," February 18, 1859
    Boston (MA) Advertiser, “The New State of Oregon,” February 19, 1859
    New York Times, “The Political Future,” February 26, 1859
    Memphis (TN) Appeal, “Slave Property Protected in New Mexico,” February 27, 1859
    Memphis (TN) Appeal, “Protection of Slave Property in Oregon,” March 6, 1859
    New York Herald, “News from Porto [Puerto] Rico,” March 7, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “The Encroachments of Slavery,” March 16, 1859
    Bangor (ME) Whig and Courier, “Slavery in New Mexico,” March 17, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “Cuba at the North,” March 21, 1859
    New York Times, “An Elevated Struggle,” March 23, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “The Missouri Compromise,” March 30, 1859
    San Francisco (CA) Evening Bulletin, “Filibusterism and Disunion,” April 1, 1859
    Memphis (TN) Appeal, “The Democracy and Non-Intervention,” April 13, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “The Douglas Organ on Slavery Extension,” April 14, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, "Correspondence of the Mercury," April 15, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “Methodists Expelled From Texas,” April 18, 1859
    New York Times, “Law and Public Opinion,” April 30, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “Nullification,” May 7, 1859
    New York Times, “A Slave State on the Pacific,” May 13, 1859
    (Jackson) Mississippian, “The Oberlin Slave Rescuers,” May 27, 1859
    Boston (MA) Liberator, “Letter from the Hon. J. R. Giddings,” May 27, 1859
    Richmond (VA) Dispatch, "The Slave Trade and Slave Stealing," May 28, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “Another Dred Scott Decision,” June 8, 1859
    Fayetteville (NC) Observer, “Greeley Meets a Slave Dealer,” June 9, 1859
    New York Times, “The Free Negroes of Maryland,” June 13, 1859
    New York Times, “Political Letters,” June 16, 1859
    Memphis (TN) Appeal, “Look After Them,” July 3, 1859
    Bangor (ME) Whig and Courier, “The Douglas Manifesto,” July 4, 1859
    Ripley (OH) Bee, “Slave Cargoes Landed in Florida,” July 23, 1859
    New York Herald, “Mr. Buchanan and the Succession,” July 24, 1859
    Abraham Lincoln to Samuel Galloway, July 28, 1859
    New York Times, “The Slavery Question,” July 29, 1859
    Lowell (MA) Citizen & News, “Another Cargo of 600 Slaves Landed at the South,” August 9, 1859
    New York Times, “The Slave Trade,” August 10, 1859
    Fayetteville (NC) Observer, “The Slave Trade at the North,” August 11, 1859
    New York Times, “Senator Douglas on the Slave-Trade,” August 13, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “A Slave Code,” August 16, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune,“Census Revelations in South Carolina,” August 24, 1859
    New York Herald, “Important to Persons of Color,” August 28, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “The Speech of Hon. Jeff. Davis,” September 5, 1859
    Joseph Medill to Abraham Lincoln, September 10, 1859
    Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Columbus, Ohio, September 16, 1859
    Abraham Lincoln's Speech at Beloit, Wisconsin, October 1, 1859
    New Orleans (LA) Picayune, "Monthly Passes to Negros," October 22, 1859
    New York Herald, “The Slave Population in the Vicinity of the Outbreak,” October 23, 1859
    Carlisle (PA) American Volunteer, "The Slave Insurrection at Harper's Ferry," October 27, 1859
    Hartford (CT) Courant, “Untitled,” December 5, 1859
    Charleston (SC) Courier, “The Hyannis Case,” December 15, 1859
    Columbus (OH) Gazette, "For the Columbus Gazette," December 16, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “Capture of a Slaver with 300 Negroes,” December 20, 1859
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “A Fearful Slave Insurrection in Missouri,” December 30, 1859
    Chillicothe (OH) Scioto Gazette, “Disunion Bosh and the Cause of it,” January 3, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “An Outrage Upon the Liberty of the Press,” January 9, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press & Tribune, “Nebraska,” January 16, 1860
    Washington (DC) National Era, "Prohibition of Slavery in Nebraska," January 19, 1860
    New York Herald, “Trouble Among the Canadian Negroes,” January 20, 1860
    New York Times, “Black vs. Popular Sovereignty,” January 21, 1860
    Boston (MA) Herald, “A Conflict of the Races in Canada,” January 23, 1860
    Savannah (GA) News,“The Negro Riots in Canada,” January 30, 1860
    Boston (MA) Herald, "Where Shall They Go?," February 1, 1860
    Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel,“Two More Teachers Expelled Without Cause Shown,” February 2, 1860
    New York Herald, "The Colored Refugees in Canada," February 6, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “Effect of the Dred Scott Decision in Iowa,” February 6, 1860
    Charlestown (VA) Free Press, “Harper’s Ferry Outrage,” February 9, 1860
    New York Times, “The Senatorial Inquisition,” February 11, 1860
    Raleigh (NC) Register, “How Firmly United the Democracy Are,” February 22, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “Abraham Lincoln’s Speech,” March 2, 1860
    New York Herald, “Northern White Slaves and Southern Black Ones,” March 4, 1860
    (Jackson) Mississippian, “Republicanism Defined,” March 6, 1860
    New York Times, "Senator Brown on International Law," March 8, 1860
    Carlisle (PA) American Volunteer, “Untitled,” March 15, 1860
    Carlisle (PA) American Volunteer, "Helperism," March 15, 1860
    Anna H. Richardson to William Still, March 16, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “At War With Mexico,” March 21, 1860
    William Wilkins to James Watson Webb, March 26, 1860
    New York Herald, “Seward’s Opinion on the Mexican Business,” April 1, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “A Specimen Preacher,” April 2, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “The Infamy Complete,” April 27, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “A Northern Democrat at a Slave Auction,” May 5, 1860
    New York Herald, “Corruption in the United States Marshal’s Office,” May 6, 1860
    New York Herald, “Activity of the African Slave Trade,” May 14, 1860
    Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel, “The Slave Trade in New York,” May 17, 1860
    New York Herald, “Extraordinary Activity of the Slave Trade,” May 22, 1860
    Chillicothe (OH) Scioto Gazette, “"The Awful Horrors of the Middle-Passage,"” May 29, 1860
    Atchison (KS) Freedom's Champion, “Kansas and Cuba,” June 2, 1860
    New York Herald, “The Methodist Conference Frightened at the Slavery Question,” June 3, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “Sumner’s Speech,” June 8, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “An Explanation,” June 28, 1860
    Boston (MA) Advertiser, “A Domestic Slaving Voyage,” July 14, 1860
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “Extremes Meet,” July 16, 1860
    Atchison (KS) Freedom's Champion, “An Insult to Labor,” July 21, 1860
    New York Herald, “Slaves in New York,” July 23, 1860
    (Jackson) Mississippian, “Black Republicanism Defined,” July 25, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “What the South Really Fears,” July 25, 1860
    Ripley (OH) Bee, “Bell for a Slave Code,” July 26, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “A Probable Canard,” July 27, 1860
    Ripley (OH) Bee, “The Two Kinds of Intervention,” August 2, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “Result of Freedom,” August 3, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “McKinney and Blunt,” August 8, 1860
    Ripley (OH) Bee, "The 'Irrepressible Conflict,'" August 9, 1860
    New York Times, “Mr. Yancey's Speech,” August 21, 1860
    (Jackson) Mississippian, "Facts for the People," August 28, 1860
    New York Times, “Senator Seward in Michigan,” September 5, 1860
    New York Times, “The Cuban Slave-Trade,” September 14, 1860
    Boston (MA) Advertiser, “The Plots in Texas,” September 15, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “As Was Expected,” September 18, 1860
    Chillicothe (OH) Scioto Gazette, “The Difference,” September 25, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Press and Tribune, “'Gen. Walker',” October 1, 1860
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, "The Terrors of Submission," October 11, 1860
    New York Times, “The Alabama Insurrection,” October 20, 1860
    (Montpelier) Vermont Patriot, “Don't Care,” November 3, 1860
    New York Times, "The Republicans and Slavery," November 5, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Tribune, "A Seceder's Opinion in 1851," November 16, 1860
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “The Reign of Terror in Georgia,” November 17, 1860
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “The Kansas News,” November 23, 1860
    William T. Sherman to Ellen Sherman, November 23, 1860
    New York Herald, “The Meeting of Congress,” November 28, 1860
    Chicago (IL) Tribune, "Montgomery," December 1, 1860
    Abraham Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860
    Abraham Lincoln to William Kellogg, December 11, 1860
    Lowell (MA) Citizen & News, “British Views of Secession,” December 14, 1860
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, "Georgia Legislation," December 15, 1860
    Abraham Lincoln to John A. Gilmer, December 15, 1860
    Lowell (MA) Citizen & News, “Compromise Projects,” December 18, 1860
    Abraham Lincoln to Henry J. Raymond, December 18, 1860
    Lowell (MA) Citizen & News, “Alarms,” December 22, 1860
    Atchison (KS) Freedom’s Champion, “No Backing Down!,” December 29, 1860
    Thomas Cadwallerder to Abraham Lincoln, December 31, 1860
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “Letter From Virginia,” January 2, 1861
    Israel Washburn Jr. to Abraham Lincoln, January 21, 1861
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “The Fugitive Case,” January 24, 1861
    Chicago (IL) Tribune, “Popular Sovereignty,” February 18, 1861
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “Beauties of the ‘Institution’,” April 2, 1861
    New York Times, “Slave Insurrections,” April 12, 1861
    Chicago (IL) Tribune, “War Inaugurated!,” April 13, 1861
    Richmond (VA) Dispatch, “Another John Brown Raid,” April 16, 1861
    Alexander J. Sessions to Abraham Lincoln, April 16, 1861
    Newark (OH) Advocate, “Speech of Hon. Alex H. Stephens,” April 19, 1861
    Boston (MA) Liberator, “An Ancient and A Modern Compromise,” April 19, 1861
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “Reorganization,” April 22, 1861
    New York Times, “Rushing to Ruin,” April 26, 1861
    Savannah (GA) News, “Northern Free Speech,” May 1, 1861
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “The Feeling in Alabama,” May 6, 1861
    Richmond (VA) Dispatch, “Horace Greeley,” May 8, 1861
    Richmond (VA) Dispatch, “New European Views of the South,” May 17, 1861
    Chicago (IL) Tribune, “Army Slave Catching,” May 28, 1861
    Newark (OH) Advocate, “England and the United States,” May 31, 1861
    New York Herald, “Our Fashionable Summer Resorts,” June 2, 1861
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “Virginia Playing the Foot,” June 4, 1861
    Cleveland (OH) Herald, “A Submissionist Answered,” June 17, 1861
    Charleston (SC) Mercury, “A War For Abolition,” June 18, 1861
    Newark (OH) Advocate, “The Impending Danger,” July 5, 1861
    Charles B. Calvert to Abraham Lincoln, July 10, 1861
    New York Herald, “Lovejoy Rebuked,” July 14, 1861
    Gen. John Fremont, Declaration of Martial Law in Missouri, August 30, 1861
    Timothy Davis to William H. Seward, September 16, 1861
    Abraham Lincoln to Orville Hickman Browning, September 22, 1861
    Chillicothe (OH) Scioto Gazette, “Disgraceful Fraud,” October 29, 1861
    John S. Phelps to Abraham Lincoln, Monday, November 18, 1861
    Brigadier General John W. Phelps, Proclamation to "The Loyal Citizens of the Southwest," December 4, 1861
    New York Times, “The Slave Question,” December 4, 1861
    William H. Seward to George B. McClellan, Contrabands in District of Columbia, December 4, 1861
    Memorandum by Alexander T. Galt, Canadian diplomat, describing interview with Abraham Lincoln, December 5, 1861
    Flag Officer William W. McKean to Gideon Welles, Concerning Brigadier-General Phelps' Declaration, December 27, 1861
    Secretary of State William H. Seward to Ward Lamon, Order Protecting Fugitive Slaves from Arrest, January 25, 1862
    New York National Anti-Slavery Standard, "Mr. Conway’s Lecture," February 8, 1862
    President Abraham Lincoln, Signing statement for the Bill to Abolish Slavery in the District of Columbia
    Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation Revoking General Hunter's May 9, 1862 Order of Military Emancipation, May 19, 1862
    Entry by Kate Stone, June 30, 1862
    New York National Anti-Slavery Standard, "New Publications," July 19, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation---First Draft, Washington, DC, July 22, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln to Reverdy Johnson, Washington, DC, July 26, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln to Cuthbert Bullitt, July 28, 1862
    New York National Anti-Slavery Standard, "Speech of Rev. M.D. Conway," August 9, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln, Remarks on Colonization to African-American Leaders, August 14, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, Washington, DC, August 22, 1862
    Reverdy Johnson to Abraham Lincoln, Friday, September 05, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln, Reply to Emancipation Memorial Presented by Chicago Christians of All Denominations, September 13, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln, Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862
    Abigail Goodwin to William Still, September 23, 1862
    Anna H. Richardson to William Still, October 10, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862
    Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, Washington, DC, January 1, 1863
    Entry by Kate Stone, March 22, 1863
    The Retaliatory Act, Confederate Congress, May 1, 1863
    Stephen Duncan to Mary Duncan, August 25, 1863, Natchez, Mississippi.
    Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 8, 1863
    Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864
    Entry by Kate Stone, September 5, 1864
    Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, Washington, DC, March 4, 1865
    "The Consequence," Chicago Tribune, April 17, 1865
    Entry by Kate Stone, April 28, 1865
    James Buchanan to Horatio King, May 1, 1865
    Alabama State Convention, "Debate on ending Slavery," October 20, 1865, Montgomery, Alabama
    "Moncure Daniel Conway," Harper's Magazine, September 25, 1875.
    Chicago Style Entry Link
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    Baker, James Loring. Slavery. Philadelphia: John A. Norton, 1860. View Record
    Ball, Charles.  Slavery in the United States:  A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, A Black Man. New York: John S. Taylor, 1837. View Record
    Barr, Alwyn. Black Texans: A History of Negroes in Texas, 1528-1971. Austin: Jenkins Pub. Co., 1973. View Record
    Bean, William G. "John Letcher and the Slavery Issue in Virginia's Gubernatorial Contest of 1858- 1859." Journal of Southern History 20, no. 1 (1954): 22-49. View Record
    Beecher, Catharine E. An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, with Reference to the Duty of American Females. Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 1837. View Record
    Berlin, Ira. Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. View Record
    Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998. View Record
    Berlin, Ira. Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974. View Record
    Birney, James G. Sinfulness of Slaveholding in All Circumstances: Test by Reason and Scripture. Detroit: Charles Willcox, 1846. View Record
    Brill, Marlene Targ. James Buchanan: Fifteenth President of the United States. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1988. View Record
    Brooks, Elaine. "Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society." Journal of Negro History 30 (July 1945): 311-330. View Record
    Brown, David. "Slavery and the Market Revolution: The South's Place in Jacksonian Historiography." Southern Studies 4, no. 2 (1993): 189-207. View Record
    Brown, William Wells. Narrative of William W. Brown, an American Slave. Written by Himself. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1847. View Record
    Butler, Joseph Thomas. Wheatland, 1848-1868, the Home of James Buchanan. Dover, DE: University of Delaware, 1957. View Record
    Campbell, Randolph B. An Empire for Slavery the Peculiar Institution in Texas 1821-1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. View Record
    Channing, William E. Remarks on the Slavery Question, In a Letter to Jonathan Phillips, Esq. Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1839. View Record
    Channing, William E. Slavery. Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1835. View Record
    Channing, William E.  Emancipation. Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thomson, 1841. View Record
    Child, Lydia Maria Francis and Carolyn L. Karcher. An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. View Record
    Child, Lydia Maria Francis. The Freedmen's Book. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1865. View Record
    Conway, Moncure Daniel. Testimonies Concerning Slavery. London: Chapman and Hall, 1864. View Record
    Cooper, Thomas. Letters on the Slave Trade: First Published in Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle; and Since Re-Printed with Additions and Alterations. Manchester, England: C. Wheeler, 1787. View Record
    Cruson, Daniel. The Slaves of central Fairfield County: The Journey from Slave to Freeman in Nineteenth-Century Connecticut. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007. View Record
    Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. View Record
    Davis, Robert R., Jr. "James Buchanan and the Suppression of the Slave Trade, 1858-1861." Pennsylvania History 33, no. 4 (1966): 446-459. View Record
    Davis, Robert Ralph, Jr., ed. "Buchanian Espionage: A Report on Illegal Slave Trading in the South in 1859." Journal of Southern History 37, no. 2 (May 1971): 271-278. View Record
    Dempsey, Terrell. Searching for Jim: Slavery in Sam Clemens's World. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003. View Record
    Dew, Charles B. Bond of Iron: Master and Slave at Buffalo Forge. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. View Record
    Di Nunzio, Mario R. “Ideology and Party Loyalty: The Political Conversion of Lyman Trumbull.” Lincoln Herald 79, no. 3 (1979): 95-103. View Record
    Dillon, Merton Lynn. Slavery Attacked: Southern Slaves and their Allies, 1619-1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. View Record
    Diouf, Sylviane A. Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the last Africans brought to America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. View Record
    Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Hartford, CT: Park Publishing Co., 1881. View Record
    Dresser, Horace. "Slavery and the Slave Trade." United States Democratic Review 43, no. 2 (1859): 304-349. View Record
    Drew, Benjamin. A North-Side View of Slavery. The Refugee: or, The Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. Boston: J. P. Jewett, 1856. View Record
    Egerton, Douglas R. "Markets without a Market Revolution: Southern Planters and Capitalism." Journal of the Early Republic 16, no. 2 (1996): 207-221. View Record
    Egerton, Douglas R. "Slaves to the Marketplace: Economic Liberty and Black Rebelliousness in the Atlantic World." Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 617-639. View Record
    Eisan, Frances K. Saint Or Demon? The Legendary Delia Webster Opposing Slavery. New York: Pace University Press, 1998. View Record
    Eltis, David. "The U.S. Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1644–1867: An Assessment." Civil War History 54, no. 4 (2008): 347-378. View Record
    Essah, Patience. A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638-1865. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996. View Record
    Faust, Drew Gilpin, ed. The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South, 1830-1860. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981. View Record
    Faust, Drew Gilpin. Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996 View Record
    Fehrenbacher, Don Edward, and Ward McAfee. The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. View Record
    Fields, Barbara Jeanne. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985. View Record
    Finkelman, Paul. "Regulating the African Slave Trade." Civil War History 54, no. 4 (2008): 379-405. View Record
    Fogel, Robert William. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. New York: Norton, 1989. View Record
    Foley, Neil. The White Scourage Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997. View Record
    Forbes, Robert Pierce. The Missouri Compromise and its Aftermath: Slavery & the Meaning of America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. View Record
    Ford, Lacy. “Reconfiguring the Old South: ‘Solving’ the Problem of Slavery, 1787-1838.” Journal of American History 95, no. 1 (June 2008): 95-122. View Record
    Forret, Jeff. “Slave-Poor White Violence in the Antebellum Carolinas.” North Carolina Historical Review 81, no. 2 (2004): 139-167. View Record
    Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, and Eugene D. Genovese. Slavery in White and Black: Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders' New World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. View Record
    Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, and Eugene D. Genovese. The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. View Record
    Franklin, John Hope and Loren Schweninger. In Search of the Promised Land: A Black Family and the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. View Record
    Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. View Record
    Franklin, John Hope, and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. View Record
    Franklin, John Hope. The Emancipation Proclamation. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963. View Record
    Freehling, William W. The Reintegration of American History: Slavery and the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. View Record
    Gara, Larry. "Slavery and the Slave Power: A Crucial Distinction." Civil War History 15, no. 1 (1969): 5-18. View Record
    Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974. View Record
    Glickman, Lawrence B. " ‘Buy for the Sake of the Slave’: Abolitionism and the Origins of American Consumer Activism." American Quarterly 56, no. 4 (December 2004): 889-912. View Record
    Grimké, Angelina Emily. Appeal to the Christian Women of the South. New York, 1836. View Record
    Grimké, Sarah Moore. An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States. New York, 1836. View Record
    Guasco, Suzanne Cooper. "The Deadly Influence of Negro Capitalists": Southern Yeomen and Resistance to the Expansion of Slavery in Illinois." Civil War History 47, no. 1 (2001): 7-29. View Record
    Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. View Record
    Guterl, Matthew Pratt. American Mediterranean: Southern Slaveholders in the Age of Emancipation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008. View Record
    Hadden, Sally E. Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. View Record
    Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. View Record
    Helper, Hinton Rowan. The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. New York: Burdick Brothers, 1857. View Record
    Holt, Michael F. The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. View Record
    Horne, Gerald. The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade. New York: New York University Press, 2007. View Record
    Horton, James Oliver. "Presenting Slavery: The Perils of Telling America's Racial Story." Public Historian 21, no. 4 (1999): 19-38. View Record
    Horton, James Oliver. Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory. New York: New Press, 2006. View Record
    Horton,  James Oliver and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. View Record
    How, Samuel Blanchard. Slaveholding Not Sinful: Slavery, the Punishment of Man's Sin, its Remedy, the Gospel of Christ. New Brunswick, NJ: J. Terhune's Press, 1856. View Record
    Howard, Warren S. American Slavers and the Federal Law, 1837-1862. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. View Record
    Huston, James L. Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. View Record
    Irons, Charles F. The Origins of ProSlavery Christianity: White and Black Evangelicals in Colonial and Antebellum Virginia. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2008. View Record
    Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. View Record
    Kemble, Fanny. Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-1839. New York: Harper & Bros., 1863. View Record
    Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery, 1619-1877. New York: Hill and Wang, 1994. View Record
    Lightner, David L. Slavery and the Commerce Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. View Record
    Majewski, John D. Modernizing a Slave Economy: The Economic Vision of the Confederate Nation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. View Record
    McKenzie, Robert Tracy. "Contesting Secession: Parson Brownlow and the Rhetoric of Proslavery Unionism, 1860-1861." Civil War History 48, no. 4 (2002): 294-312. View Record
    McKim, James Miller. A Sketch of the Slave Trade in the District of Columbia, Contained in Two Letters. Pittsburgh: Pittsburg and Allegheny Anti-Slavery Society, 1838. View Record
    Mering, John V. "The Slave-State Constitutional Unionists and the Politics of Consensus." Journal of Southern History 43, no. 3 (1977): 395-410. View Record
    Merk, Frederick. Slavery and the Annexation of Texas. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972. View Record
    Murphy, Sharon Ann. "Securing Human Property: Slavery, Life Insurance, and Industrialization in the Upper South." Journal of the Early Republic 25, no. 4 (2005): 615-652. View Record
    Najar, Monica. "'Meddling With Emancipation': Baptists, Authority, and the Rift over Slavery in the Upper South." Journal of the Early Republic 25, no. 2 (2005): 157-186. View Record
    Nall, Jasper Rastus. Freeborn Slave: Diary of a Black Man in the South. Birmingham, AL: Crane Hill Publishers, 1996. View Record
    Newborn, Newton N. "Judicial Decision Making and the End of Slavery in Illinois." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 98, no. 1-2 (2005): 7-33. View Record
    Nudelman, Franny. John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, & the Culture of War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2004. View Record
    O'Neil, Patrick W. “Bosses and Broomsticks: Ritual and Authority in Antebellum Slave Weddings.” Journal of Southern History 75, no. 1 (February 2009): 29-48. View Record
    Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey Through Texas, Or, A saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier. New York: Dix, Edwards & Co., 1857. View Record
    Palmer, Benjamin Morgan. Slavery A Divine Trust: The Duty of the South to Preserve and Perpetuate the Institution as it Now Exists. New York: George F. Nesbitt & Company, 1861. View Record
    Ranck, James B. “The Attitude of James Buchanan towards Slavery.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 51 (1927): 126-142. View Record
    Redpath, James. The Roving Editor: or, Talks with the Slaves in Southern States. New York: A. B. Burdick, 1859. View Record
    Reynolds, Donald E. Texas Terror: The Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007 View Record
    Russel, Robert R. "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories." Journal of Southern History 32 (November 1966): 466-486. View Record
    Silverthorne, Elizabeth. Plantation Life in Texas. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986. View Record
    Spooner, Lysander. A Defence for Fugitive Slaves against the Acts of Congress of February 12, 1793, and September 18, 1850. Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850. View Record
    Spooner, Lysander. The Unconstitutionality of Slavery. Boston: Bela Marsh, 1845. View Record
    Starks, Ernest Obadele. Freebooters and Smugglers: The Foreign Salve Trade in the United States after 1808. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2007. View Record
    Staz, Ronald N. "African Slave Trade and Lincoln's Campaign of 1858." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 65, no. 3 (1972): 269-279. View Record
    Stearns, Edward Josiah. Notes on Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Being a Logical Answer to its Allegations and Inferences against Slavery as an Institution. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Company, 1853. View Record
    Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1856. View Record
    Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. View Record
    Turner, Edward Raymond. The Negro in Pennsylvania: Slavery-Servitude-Freedom, 1639-1861. Washington, DC: The American Historical Association, 1911. View Record
    Tyler, Ronnie C., and Lawrence R. Murphy, eds. The Slave Narratives of Texas. Austin: Encino Press, 1974. View Record
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    Weld, Theodore Dwight. The Bible against Slavery: An Inquiry into the Patriarchal and Mosaic systems on the subject of Human Rights. New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1837. View Record
    How to Cite This Page: "Slavery," House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/9593.