In Yokohama, Western powers force indemnities from Japanese authorities for interfering with trade

Japanese radicals of the feudal domain of Chōshū harassed foreign commerce and had attempted to close the Shimonoseki Straits to western shipping.  British, French, and Dutch units had defeated Chinese forces and opened the straits in September.  These nations, along with the United States, demanded indemnities and a Convention agreed and signed in Yokohama awarded a total sum of three million dollars.  (By John Osborne)