Following earlier tensions with France, a Volunteer Militia movement had sprung up in Britain. In July, 1860, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had reviewed 21,000 of these men in Hyde Park in London.  Now, at the start of their annual stay in Scotland, the royal couple attended a review of Scottish Volunteer Militia units at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, comprising an almost identical number of men.  (By John Osborne)

With the forces of Garibaldi nearing Naples and royal army units refusing to march to resist them, King Ferdinand made one last effort to form a new government.  When this failed, he and his family abandoned his capital and took a steamer to the fortress at Gaeta.  The Bourbon dynasty would hold out only until early 1861, when Ferdinand and his family went into exile and Italy was united under the Piedmontese throne.  He died in Austria in 1894.    (By John Osborne)

With the forces of Garibaldi now on the mainland and advancing on Naples, the Count of Syracuse, uncle to King Ferdinand of Naples, wrote to his beleaguered nephew and recommended that he follow the example of the Duchess of Palma who the year before had "released her subjects from their allegiance and left them to be arbiters of their own destiny." Ferdinand refused but was powerless to stop Garibaldi's advance and was driven from his capital on September 8, 1860.  (By John Osborne)

Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine graduated fifty-five men in the class of 1860.  Their professor of modern languages was Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, who later won fame as a Union Civil War hero.  (By John Osborne)  

Prince Albert's Canadian tour continued in Ottawa, the recently selected capital city for the Dominion.  His party arrived under the typical rain-filled skies the Prince had seen since he arrived in North America in the late afternoon.  The usual round of receptions, parades, and balls followed over three days during which the Prince laid the foundation stone for the Dominion's new Parliament Building.  The royal group left on the Monday morning for Kingston. (By John Osborne)

On his continuing North American tour, Prince Albert officially entered Canada proper when he landed at Quebec.  He spent four days in the city, visiting the Assembly where he conferred the first knighthood invested in Canada on Narcisse Belleau, the Speaker of the Legislative Council,  and the Catholic Université Laval, the oldest educational insitution in Canada.  He was also guest of honor at a Grand Ball held at the Music Hall.  He and his party left Quebec on the morning of August 23, 1860 for his next stop, in Montreal.  (By John Osborne)

The Prince of Wales and his party reached Prince Edward's Island by ship from New Brunswick and landed at Charlottetown in the early afternoon in the drizzling rain evident on almost all the two weeks of his North American tour so far.  The usual round of ceremonies followed, including militia reviews, receptions, and a royal ball at the Provincial Building.  The group departed Charlottetown on the morning of August 11, 1860 bound up the St. Lawrence for Quebec and Canada proper.  They landed there on August 18, 1860.  (By John Osborne)

The Prince of Wales and his party arrived at the provincial capital of New Brunswick by steamer from St. John.  The next day he attended Sunday services at the Anglican cathedral in the city and on Monday he was received at the Provincial Council and hosted a gathering at Government House.  The group left Fredericton on August 7, 1860, toured the surrounding areas by steamer and then went on to Charlottetown on Prince Edward's Island, arriving early in the morning of August 9, 1860.  (By John Osborne)

The Prince of Wales and his party arrived by ship in St. John, New Brunswick, on his North American tour in the late evening of August 2,1860.  He was welcomed the next morning with the ceremonies that were becoming customary, including parades and loyal addresses.  He toured the town and surrounding area and left St. John for the New Brunswick provincial capital of Fredericton on the morning of  August 4, 1860.  He and his group reached there by steamer in the late evening.  (By John Osborne)