In a reorganization of the Army of the Potomac's cavalry structure, the young new commander of the Third Cavalry Division, General Judson Kilpatrick, secured the appontment of three new brigade commanders.  They were Wesley Merritt, Elon Farnsworth, and the twenty-three year old George Armstrong Custer, who had graduated bottom of his class at West Point two years before.  All were young, battle-experienced and driving cavalry leaders and were selected for that reason.  Farnsworth died at Gettysburg just five days later, aged twenty-five.  (By John Osborne)

In one of several attempts to penetrate the Confederate cavalry screen shielding the Army of Northern Virginia's advance into Pennsylvania, Union cavalry under General Alfred Pleasanton clashed with General J.E. B. Stuart's men near Upperville, Virginia.  In furious and close fighting, the screen again held but every fight delayed Stuart and his vital task of serving as the "eyes and ears" of his commander.  (By John Osborne)