Olney, Richard

Life Span
to
    Full name
    Richard Olney
    Place of Birth
    Birth Date Certainty
    Exact
    Death Date Certainty
    Exact
    Gender
    Male
    Race
    White
    Sectional choice
    North
    Origins
    Free State
    No. of Spouses
    1
    No. of Children
    2
    Family
    Wilson Olney (father), Eliza Butler (mother), Agnes Park Thomas (wife, March 6, 1861)
    Education
    Other
    Other Education
    Brown University; Harvard Law School
    Occupation
    Politician
    Diplomat
    Attorney or Judge
    Relation to Slavery
    White non-slaveholder
    Church or Religious Denomination
    Presbyterian
    Political Parties
    Democratic
    Government
    Diplomat
    State legislature

    Richard Olney (American National Biography)

    Scholarship
    Upon the death of Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham in 1895, Cleveland promoted Olney to that post. Neither Olney's manner nor his temperament was well suited to the norms of international diplomacy. He issued ultimatums and made demands on sovereign nations much as if they were opponents in litigation. He told the Spanish minister that if a frequently deferred claim of the United States was not paid, he would urge the president to lay the matter before Congress, implying that a resort to force might follow.

    Most notorious was his similar ultimatum to Great Britain demanding submission of the long-standing boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela to arbitration by the United States. Charging that Britain's claim violated the Monroe Doctrine, he asserted that the "infinite resources" and "isolated position" of the United States rendered it "master of the situation and practically invulnerable as against any or all other powers." When the deadline for replying passed, Olney helped Cleveland draft a message to Congress, asking for authority to draw the proper boundary line and if necessary to use armed force to uphold it. Britain subsequently accepted arbitration, and the war fever precipitated by the message died down. Although his initiation of the crisis needlessly risked war, his subsequent handling of the affair contributed to a reasonable settlement.
    Gerald G. Eggert, "Olney, Richard,” American National Biography Online, February 2000, http://www.anb.org/articles/05/05-00577.html

    Richard Olney (Appleton’s)

    Reference
    OLNEY, Richard, statesman, b. in Oxford, .Mass., 15 Sept., 1835; was prepared for college at Leicester academy, Worcester county, and was graduated at Brown in 1856. He was also graduated at the Harvard law-school in 1859, and in the same year was admitted to the bar in his native state. In 1874 he served with success as a member of the Massachusetts legislature. Mr. Olney was in the successful practice of the law in Boston, until called to the office of attorney-general of the United States by President Cleveland in March, 18093, and on the death of Judge Gresham in June, 1895, he became secretary of state, continuing in office until 4 March, 1897. Mr. Olney then resumed the practice of law in Boston. Brown and Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D.
    James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, eds., “Olney, Richard,” Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1901), 7: 207.

    Richard Olney (Papers of the President)

    Reference

    Olney, Richard; lawyer; Attorney General and Secretary of State under President Cleveland; b. Sept. 15, 1835, in Oxford, Mass.; educated at Leicester Academy and graduated Brown University, 1856, and LL. B. Harvard Law School 1858; began practice in Boston and soon was looked upon as an authority on wills and estates; corporation lawyer; appointed by President Cleveland in 1893 Attorney General, and upon the death of Walter Q. Gresham in 1895 he was transferred to Secretary of State.

    “Olney, Richard,” A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (New York: Bureau of National Literature, Inc., 1916), 20: 453.

    Richard Olney (New York Times)

    Obituary

    RICHARD OLNEY DIES; VETERAN STATEMAN Attorney General and Secretary of State in Cleveland’s Second Term Expires in Boston at 81.
    UPHELD MONROE DOCTRINE

    His Demand Upon Great Britain Led to Her Arbitration of Venezuelan Boundary Dispute.
    BOSTON, April 9.—Richard Olney, Attorney General and Secretary of State in Cleveland’s second Cabinet, died at his home here last night.  He was in his eighty-second year and had been ill for several weeks, though it was not until yesterday that his condition became serious.  With him when he died were Mrs. Olney and their daughter Mrs. George R. Minot of this city.  Mrs. C.H. Abbot, their other daughter, is in Paris. 
    Although Richard Olney [ocupied] the office of Secretary of State for only one year and nine months, his name will go down in history as one of the greatest Secretaries that ever held the portfolio of the State Department.  He will perhaps best be remembered for his handling of the question of the boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela.  His methods were those of a strong and well-equipped lawyer rather than of the politician, and he gained reputation in his office by his intellectual strength and sturdy purpose.
    Disregarding the warning that a rigid maintenance of the Monroe Doctrine might plunge this country into war with Great Britain, President Cleveland and Secretary Olney successfully insisted upon the arbitration of the boundary dispute between the empire and Venezuela.  The Secretary of State, in a famous message sent through Ambassador Bayard to Lord Salisbury, said:
    “Great Britain both admits that there is a controversy and that arbitration should be resorted to for its adjustment.  But while up to that point her attitude leaves nothing to be desired, its practical effect is completely nullified by her insistence that the submission shall cover but a part of the controversy; that as a condition of arbitrating her right to a part of the disputed territory the remainder shall be turned over to her.  Upon that principle—except her feebleness as a nation—is Venezuela to be denied the right of having her claim heard and passed upon by an impartial tribunal?  ‘It is so because I will have it so,’ seems to be the impartial justification Great Britain offers.”
    At first Lord Salisbury refused to submit to the American demand, but is Government remained firm, and he receded and agreed to submit the entire question to arbitration.


    His Settlement of Mora Claim.
    Another act of Mr. Olney while Secretary of State was the settlement and collection from Spain of the Mora claim, in which many Administrations had been unsuccessful.  He negotiated with Great Britain an arbitration treaty for the settlement of future disputes between the two countries.  This, however, was afterward defeated by the United States Senate.   
    Mr. Olney was appointed Attorney General by President Cleveland in 1893, and he served two years and three months before he was called to the State Department to succeed Walter Q. Gresham as Secretary.  It was Mr. Olney who, during the Debs railroad strike in Chicago, counseled the calling out of Federal troops.  He defended that action successfully in an argument before the Supreme Court.  He bent his energies upon asserting that the law of the United States was supreme throughout the entire country and that the interests of no section must be prejudicial by interference with the free use of the railroads in the carrying of the mails or with the enjoyment of interstate commerce.
    He was not, however, hostile to labor unions, and this is shown by his letter to the United States Circuit Court in Philadelphia in 1804 in relation to a petition of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen asking for relief against the receivers of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, who threatened to discharge all members of the brotherhood unless within a specified time they resigned from the organization.  He upheld the right of labor to organize, and added:  “No better mode for the settlement of contests between labor and capital has yet been devised or tried than arbitration.”  In 1895 Mr. Olney, at the request of the Chairman of the Committee of Labor of the House of Representatives, examined into labor conditions, and he gave valuable suggestions, [indorsing] the principles of mediation and arbitration, and he drafted the bill dealing with labor matters that was passed by the House in February, 1895.

    “Richard Olney Dies,” New York Times, April 5, 1917, p. 13: 3-4.
    Chicago Style Entry Link
    Blake, Nelson M. "The Olney-Pauncefote Treaty of 1897." American Historical Review 50, no. 2 (1945): 228-243. view record
    Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy." American Historical Review 47, no. 2 (1942): 259-277. view record
    Eggert, Gerald G. "Richard Olney and the Income Tax Cases (1895)." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 48, no. 1 (1961): 24-41. view record
    Eggert, Gerald G. Richard Olney: Evolution of a Statesman. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1974. view record
    James, Henry. Richard Olney and his Public Service. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1923. view record
    How to Cite This Page: "Olney, Richard," House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/15120.