In July, the Emperor Napoleon had met with the Emperor of Austria in the Italian town of Villafranca and agreed an cease-fire in the increasingly bloody war between France, Piedmont-Sardinia, and Austria. Representatives met in Zurich in August and September to formalize the agreement worked out earlier. The final details were little changed from the earlier armistice. Piedmont-Sardinia received Lombardy but to the great disappointment of Italian nationalism, other states like Venice or Tuscany remained under Austrian control or influence. (By John Osborne)
The Annual Register or a View of the History and Politics of the Year 1859 (London: F. & J. Rivington, 1860), 253-254. The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1860 (Boston: Crosby, Nichols, and Company, 1860), 391