On this day (February 19 in the Russian calendar), Alexander II signed into law the four hundred pages of legislation that his ministers, led by Nikolai Miliutin, had drafted over many months. It ended "the right of bondage" in Russian and planned to work out new relationships on the land. The law effected the forty percent of Russians who were serfs as well as their previous masters. The country then embarked on a difficult period of transition that included over a thousand serious disturbances around the empire before the end of the year. (By John Osborne)