Near Teano in Italy, the world's most famous republican revolutionary greeted King Victor of Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia and turned over all of his conquest in Sicily and Naples to him in the interests of a single, united Italy.  Their combined forces then completed the defeat of all remaining Bourbon forces and modern Italy was almost formed, with only Rome and certain of the Papal States left to be incorporated.  (By John Osborne) 

Piedmont-Sardinian forces under General Enrico Chialdini swept aside Neapolitan forces attempting to block their advance into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and advanced towards Capua and eventually the kingdom's last stronghold of Gaeta.  That fortress was besieged in early November and surrendered  on February 13, 1861.  (By John Osborne)

In a proclamation in Naples on October 12, 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi announced that King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia was to enter the province as ruler of Italy. Three days later he reaffirmed this, proclaiming that the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies would from then on "form an integral part of one and indivisible Italy."  (By John Osborne)

In a proclamation in Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi announced that King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia was to enter the province as ruler of Italy.  The announcement stated clearly Garibaldi's intentions saying "No more political colours, no more parties, no more discord!  Italy one..."  Three days later he reaffirmed this, proclaiming that the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies would from then on "form an integral part of one and indivisible Italy."  (By John Osborne)

With the ratification of the Convention of Beijing signed earlier in the Chinese capital, British and French troops withdrew from the city and returned to the coast, as according to the agreement.  What is termed the "Second Opium War" was ended.   (By John Osborne) 

With their capital in British and French hand, the Chinese government was forced finally so sign the previously negotiated 1858 Treaty of Tianjin, along with added clauses, at the Convention of Beijing. The agreement essentially opened up China to Western trade and missionary activity, and set up ten "treaty ports" along the coast.  In return Allied troops immediately withdrew from the Chinese interior.  (By John Osborne) 

Angered by the imprisonment and murder of British and French negotiators and their escorts, the British chief diplomat Lord Elgin gave orders that the sprawling Summer Palace outside of Beijing be burned in retaliation and as a warning against using hostages in diplomat relations.  A fine was also levied.  Several thousand Allied troops fired the palace, which burned for three days and left only a few surviving outbuildings intact.(By John Osborne) 

The British and French forces had continued their advance on the capital after negotiations had once again broken down and the team of British negotiators imprisoned in harsh conditions.  The prisoners were released and the Chinese capital surrendered under threat of Allied bombardment.   One of the gates of the city was turned over to Allied control and strong points occupied.  (By John Osborne) 

French troops reached the Summer Palace of the Emperors of China on the outskirts of Beijing and heavy looting took place.  The British and French forces had continued their advance on the capital after negotiations had once again broken and the team of British negotiators imprisoned in harsh conditions.  Threatened with bombardment, Beijing surrendered six days later and was occupied.  (By John Osborne)