Isaac Israel Hayes was an experienced Arctic explorer, having recently sailed under Elisha Kane.  He organised his own well-sponsored expedition and departed Boston Harbor aboard his exploring vessel United States, which he had renamed from its original Spring Hill days before.  A poor scientist, his claims after his return in October 1861 of  a record progress into the Arctic were ruined by the sloppiness of his navigational observations. (By John Osborne) 

Prince Albert opened the fourth meeting of the International Statistical Congress at Somerset House in London.  Founded to meet periodically to discuss and exchange ideas and methods of statistics and statistical analysis, the Congress had most recently met in Vienna in 1857.  (By John Osborne)  

After securing the western portion of Sicily, Garibaldi and his forces consolidated to defeat Neapolitan forces in the east by capturing Mellazo and Messina.  In a fourteen hour battle Garibaldi's 5000 men defeated the defenders of Mellazo and took the town.  The town's citadel was taken on July 25, 1860.  Messina fell on July 27, 1860 and the next day an armistice was signed essentially placing all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.  (By John Osborne)

After securing the western portion of Sicily, Garibaldi and his forces consolidated to defeat Neapolitan forces in the east by capturing Mellazo and Messina.  In a fourteen hour battle Garibaldi's 5000 men defeated the defenders of Mellazo and took the town.  The town's citadel was taken on July 25, 1860.  Messina fell on July 27, 1860 and the next day an armistice was signed essentially placing all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.  (By John Osborne)

After securing the western portion of Sicily, Garibaldi and his forces consolidated to defeat Neapolitan forces in the east by capturing Mellazo and Messina.  In a fourteen hour battle Garibaldi's 5000 men defeated the defenders of Mellazo and took the town.  The town's citadel was taken on July 25, 1860.  Messina fell on July 27, 1860 and the next day an armistice was signed essentially placing all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.  (By John Osborne)

Pioneer British astronomical photographer Warren de la Rue captured images with his "Kew heliograph" of a total solar eclipse during observations in Spain at Rivabellosa.  He had become expert in the the previous decade with photographs of the moon and then solar activity.  These images from Spain proved beyond doubt that that materials surrounding the Moon during such eclipses from the Sun and not the Moon itself.  (By John Osborne)