Representatives from numerous Germanic states, many of them influenced by the revolutionary fervor spreading throughout Europe in 1848, meet in Frankfurt to discuss German unification and to draw up a provisional constitution. (By Brian Bockelman)

A Polish rebellion against Russian rule comes to an end, as Austrian and Russian troops occupy Kraków and reaffirm the long-standing subjugation of Polish territories to neighboring empires. (By Brian Bockelman)

Polish nationalists in Kraków lead a month-long uprising against Russian rule, an early step towards the formation of an independent and unified Poland in 1918. (By Brian Bockelman)