Anna Mary Robertson Moses was born in Greenwich, New York the third of a farmer's ten children. She married a farm worker and the family worked as tenant farmers for decades.  Widowed and in her seventies, she took up painting and became the most famous and revered folk artist in American art history.  Untrained and working into her 101st year, "Grandma Moses" died in Hoosick Falls New York in December 1961.  (By John Osborne)  

The army of the insurgent Gabriel Garcia Moreno, led by General Juan José Flores, defeated the forces of Peruvian-backed Guillermo Franco at Guayaquil. The victory and the fall of the city brought Ecuador's civil war to an end and Moreno took control as Supreme Chief.  (By John Osborne)

Piedmont-Sardinia's 32,000-strong invasion of the Papal States in central Italy was only a week old when a smaller Papal army under General de Lamoricière attempted to halt it at Castelfidardo.  The result was a complete victory for the Northern Italian army and heavy casualties among the royalist and Catholic volunteers from all over Europe in the Pope's forces.  The victors went on to take control of the coastal port of Ancona. (By John Osborne)   

The Papal States refused Count Cavour's demands to disband its foreign volunteers and accede to the demands of nationalist insurrectionists and 32,000 Piedmontese troops crossed into Rome-controlled areas of central Italy.  Cavour's aim, with tacit French approval, was to forestall further advances by Garibaldi, link up with him in the south, and to unite Italy under his king, Victor Emmanuel II.    (By John Osborne)   

Count Cavour of Piedmont had long been suspicious of Garibaldi and with the "Redshirts" controlling Naples, he was forced to take action.  He had decided as early as August 1860 to invade the Papal States and link up with Garibaldi in the south with the aim on uniting Italy under his king, Victor Emanuel II.  With tacit French approval, and on the pretext of a nationalist uprising in the Papal States, Cavour set events in motion with an ultimatum to Rome.  (By John Osborne)   

On the morning a sun-filled and hot day, Guiseppe Garibaldi left Salerno by train with a small party to take possession of Naples.  Though the Bourbon king had abandoned the city the day before, his troops still controlled many of its strongpoints.  Vast numbers of the population greeted Garibaldi's arrival, however, and the transfer of power went off without incident.  Garibaldi now controlled much of southern Italy.  (By John Osborne)   

On their march up the southern Italian coast, Garibaldi and his men entered Cosenza, the provincial capital of Upper Calabria at nightfall and the city was lit up in welcome.  A week later Garibaldi entered Naples and the Bourbon dynasty was ended in Italy.  (By John Osborne)