As part of the reactionary turn taking place across Europe, the Spanish government closes congress and arrests opponents of the regime. (By Brian Bockelman)
To quell the tide of radicalism that had been unleashed in 1848, the Prussian monarchy begins to crack down on the independent press by reintroducing censorship laws. (By Brian Bockelman)
By a formal agreement with Pope Pius IX, conservatives in Spain reestablish Catholicism as the state religion, giving the Church greater control over education and cultural life. (By Brian Bockelman)
Great Britain declares Victoria, Australia to be a separate colony, severing the gold-rich region from the neighboring territory of South Australia. (By Brian Bockelman)