PITTSBURGH, city, Alleghany со., Pa., is situated at the head of Ohio river, which is here formed by the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. It is 297 miles westerly from Philadelphia, and 326 miles from Washington.

Bristol, Pa., Bucks co. Township and village on the W. bank of the Delaware River. 20 miles N. from Philadelphia, and 115 E. by S. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal communicates with the Delaware River by a branch to this place, which is a great channel for the transportation of coal, and various kinds of merchandise.

Minerals. — The mountainous region at the north-east part of the state, south-west of Lake Champlain, is exceedingly rich in iron ore. This mineral is also abundant in several other localities, and is extensively wrought into pigs and various castings. In Clinton county, the ore is of extraordinarily fine quality, great quantities of which, in a manufactured state, are annually exported. Vast beds of lead ore are found in St. Lawrence county. At Ticonderoga, and at some other spots, abundance of excellent plumbago, or black lead, is found, and forms a valuable article of commerce.

Judiciary. — All judicial officers, except justices of the peace, are appointed by the executive, and hold office during good behavior, or until 60 years of age. The judicial power is vested, 1. In a Court for the Trial of Impeachments, which is composed of the members of the Senate, or a majority of them, with their president at the head of the court, — or, in his absence, the chief judge of the Court of Appeals, —together with a major part of the judges of the latter court. This tribunal is a court of record, and its officers and clerk are those of the Senate.

Education. — This important subject commands a full share of public solicitude in this state. Colleges and other literary and scientific institutions, of a high order, are established and well sustained in various quarters. Some of these are supported in whole or in part by different religious associations. The oldest, — Columbia, formerly King's College, — founded nearly a century since, is chiefly under the direction of the Episcopalians, who also maintain another college, and an eminent theological institute.

Government. — By the constitution adopted as amended in October, 1846, a plurality of the popular vote elects the governor and lieutenant governor, who are chosen for two years. The people also choose in like manner, and for the same term of service, a secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, attorney general, state engineer, and surveyor. Three canal commissioners and three inspectors of prisons are also elected by the people, to serve for three years each, one to retire every year, upon the principle of rotation. The legislature comprises a Senate and House of Assembly.

Population. — The population of New York, especially of the metropolis, and of the cities generally, exhibits more diversity of character, probably arising from their great variety of origin, than that of any other state of the Union, or, possibly, that of any other country on the earth. The ancient Dutch and English characteristics, so distinctly marked and preserved through many successive ages, are no longer discernible, except in sundry secluded localities, or within the circle of certain exclusive neighborhoods. The present generation is composed of new and multiform materials.