Stevens, Thaddeus

Life Span
to
    Full name
    Thaddeus Stevens
    Place of Birth
    Burial Place
    Birth Date Certainty
    Exact
    Death Date Certainty
    Exact
    Gender
    Male
    Race
    White
    Sectional choice
    North
    Origins
    Free State
    Family
    Joshua Stevens (father), Sarah Morrill (mother)
    Education
    Other
    Other Education
    University of Vermont at Burlington; Dartmouth College, NH
    Occupation
    Politician
    Attorney or Judge
    Relation to Slavery
    White non-slaveholder
    Political Parties
    Anti-Masonic
    Whig
    Republican
    American Party (Know Nothings or Nativists)
    Other Affiliations
    Nativists (Know Nothings)
    Government
    US House of Representatives
    State legislature
    Other state government

    Thaddeus Stevens (Congressional Biographical Directory)

    Reference
    STEVENS, Thaddeus, a Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Danville, Caledonia County, Vt. April 4, 1792; attended Peacham Academy and the University of Vermont at Burlington; was graduated from Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., in 1814; moved to Pennsylvania in 1814; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1816 and commenced practice in Gettysburg; member of the State house of representatives 1833-1835, 1837, and 1841; delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1838; appointed as a canal commissioner in 1838; moved to Lancaster, Pa., in 1842; elected as a Whig to the Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses (March 4, 1849-March 3, 1853); elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1859, until his death; chairman, Committee on Ways and Means (Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses), Committee on Appropriations (Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses); chairman of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1868 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against Andrew Johnson, President of the United States; died in Washington, D.C., on August 11, 1868; interment in Shreiner’s Cemetery, Lancaster, Pa.
    “Stevens, Thaddeus,” Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000887.

    Thaddeus Stevens, Reconstruction (American National Biography)

    Scholarship
    The end of the war presented the Republican party with several distinct policy options, the most radical of which was pioneered by Stevens. Arguing that the southern states were conquered territories, outside of the Union, without constitutional protections, and subject to direct congressional governance, he proposed a wide-reaching land redistribution program aimed at breaking the economic and political influence of the planter elite and creating an independent black yeomanry. Like most of his contemporaries, he understood civil rights as entailing equality under the law and equal opportunity for self-advancement, but he viewed the enfranchisement of freedmen as a privilege and not a right, beyond congressional authority and secondary in importance to the socioeconomic restructuring of the South.

    In 1866 and 1867 Stevens found himself forced to juggle dual roles as House leader and Radical chieftain. He forged a precarious balance between compromise and principle. When his land redistribution program was defeated in February 1866, he accepted the party's moderate course and defended the Freedmen's Bureau and civil rights bills against presidential opposition. Later that year he shepherded the relatively moderate Fourteenth Amendment, parts of which he had authored, through the House. Although he viewed these measures as incomplete, he counseled his fellow Radicals to "take what we can get now and hope for better things in further legislation" (Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., p. 3148).
    Josh Zeitz, "Stevens, Thaddeus," American National Biography Online, February 2000, http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00953.html.

    Thaddeus Stevens, Relationship with Lydia Hamilton Smith (Trefousse, 1997)

    Scholarship
    And before long, [Thaddeus Stevens] obtained the services of a housekeeper, Lydia Hamilton Smith, a mulatto widow of great respectability with two children, who remained with him and took care of him for the rest of his life. Thad’s relations with Mrs. Smith have given rise to never ending speculation. Widely thought to be his mistress, both at the time and afterward, Mrs. Smith was treated with great respect by Stevens’s family and by himself. He always addressed her as “Madam,” gave her his seat in public conveyances, and included her in social intercourse with his friends.  As William M. Hall remembered, she was regarded as a “virtuous and respectable woman.” “Certainly,” he commented, “whatever may have been the state of affairs at the inception of the relationship it existed for years at Washington in such form as to leave no discredit connected with it in the minds of Mr. Stevens’s acquaintances and friends and of the general public.”…Stevens himself never confirmed or denied it. In a largely noncommittal letter to W. B. Mellius in September 1867, in which he stressed the fact that he seldom responded to the many attacks upon him, he also stated that the libels concerning his domestic history were “totally without foundation.”
    Hans L. Trefousse, Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 69-70.
    Chicago Style Entry Link
    Berlin, Jean V. "Thaddeus Stevens and His Biographers." Pennsylvania History 60, no. 2 (1993): 153-162. view record
    Bordewich, Fergus M. "Digging into a Historic Rivalry: Abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens Has Long Been Eclipsed by His Pennsylvania Neighbor President James Buchanan, but Recent Archaeological Findings Are Elevating the Reputation of the Architect of Reconstruction." Smithsonian 34, no. 11 (2004): 96-107. view record
    Crofts, Daniel W. "Reconstruction in Tennessee: An Assessment for Thaddeus Stevens." West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 43 (1989): 13-27. view record
    Current, Richard Nelson. Old Thad Stevens: A Story of Ambition. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1942. view record
    Delle, James A., and Mary Ann Levine. "Excavations at the Thaddeus Stevens and Lydia Hamilton Smith Site, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Archaeological Evidence for the Underground Railroad?" Northeast Historical Archaeology 33 (2004): 131-152. view record
    Hensel, William Uhler. The Christiana Riot and the Treason Trials of 1851: An Historical Sketch. Lancaster, PA: The New Era Printing Company, 1911. view record
    Hoelscher, Robert J. "Thaddeus Stevens as a Lancaster Politician, 1842-1868." Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society 78, no. 4 (1974): 157-213. view record
    Jolly, James A. "The Historical Reputation of Thaddeus Stevens." Lancaster County Historical Society Papers 74, no. 2 (1970): 34-63. view record
    Loose, John Ward Willson. "Protecting the Image of Thaddeus Stevens." Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society 106, no. 2 (2004): 64-67. view record
    Smock, Raymond W. "Searching for the Political Legacy of Thaddeus Stevens." Pennsylvania History 60, no. 2 (1993): 189-195. view record
    Stevens, Thaddeus, Beverly Wilson Palmer, and Holly Byers Ochoa. The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. view record
    Trefousse, Hans L. "Thaddeus Stevens and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson." Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society 101, no. 2 (1999): 50-63. view record
    Trefousse, Hans L. Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997. view record
    How to Cite This Page: "Stevens, Thaddeus," House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/6643.